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Saturday, May 21, 2016

Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

 

This teaching textbook in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Engineering is based on various lecture courses given by the author while employed in the Training Division of Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. (SIPM), in the Hague, between 1974 and 1977.

The primary aim of the book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering, using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. It is only through having a complete understanding of the physics that the engineer can hope toappreciate and solve complex reservoir engineering problems in a practical manner.

Chapters 1 through 4 serve as an introduction to the subject and contain material presented on Shell's basic training courses. They should therefore be of interest to anyone even remotely connected with the business of developing and producing hydrocarbon reserves.

Chapters 5 through 8 are more specialised describing the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which are probably the most important subjects in the whole of reservoir engineering. The approach is entirely general in recognising that the superposition of dimensionless pressure, or pseudo pressure functions, perm its the analysis of any rate-pressure-time record retrieved from a well test, for any type of reservoir fluid. To appreciate this generality, the reader is advised to make a cursory inspection of section 8.13 (page 295), before embarking on a more thorough reading of these chapters. The author hopes that this will serve as a useful introduction to the recently published and, as usual, excellent SPE Monograph (Advances in Well Test Analysis; by Robert C. Earlougher, Jr.), in which a knowledge is assumed of much of the theory presented in these four chapters.

Chapter 9 describes the art of aquifer modelling, while Chapter 10, the final chapter, covers the subject of immiscible, incompressible displacement. The message here isthat there is but one displacement theory, that of Buckley and Leverett. Everything else is just a matter of "modifying" the relative permeability curves (known in the business as "scientific adjustment"), to account for the manner in which the fluid saturations are distributed in the dip-normal direction. These curves can then be used in conjunction with the one dimensional Buckley-Leverett equation to calculate the oil recovery. By stating the physics implicit in the generation of averaged (pseudo) relative permeabilities and illustrating their role in numerical simulation, it is hoped that this chapter will help to guide the hand of the scientific adjuster.



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Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation

 

Over the past decade, the use of numerical reservoir simulation with high- speed electronic computers has gained wide acceptance throughout the  petroleum industry for making engineering studies of a wide variety of oil and gas reservoirs throughout the world. These reservoir simulators have  been designed for use by reservoir engineers who may possess little or no background in the numerical mathematics upon which they are based. Yet in  spite of our best efforts to improve numerical methods so as to make reservoir simulators as reliable, efficient, and automatic as possible, the user of a simulator is constantly faced with a myriad of decisions that have nothing to  do with the problem he really wants to solve. He must decide on various numerical questions not directly germane to the problem at hand. For example, he may have a choice among several simulators that use different numerical methods. He may have to pick an iteration method. He definitely will have to choose the grid spacing as part of the reservoir description, and probably will also have to select the time step size. And perhaps the biggestbugaboo of all is the choice of iteration parameters. 

It is this engineer-user that I have had in mind while writing this book, one who wants to learn how to deal more effectively with the numerical  decisions mentioned above. I hope he also has some curiosity about the inner workings of the “black box” that is a reservoir simulator, and I have tried to satisfy that curiosity, as well
as to prepare him to read the literature, should he wish to study recent developments and future research in greater depth than I have been able to provide here.

The first chapter combines a review of some basic reservoir mechanics  with the derivation of the differential equations that reservoir simulators are designed to solve. The next four chapters provide basic theory on the numerical solution of simple partial differential equations. The final chapter  brings together this basic theory as it applies to the numerical solution ofmultidimensional, multiphase flow problems



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Oil Shale

 

In 1694 the British Crown issued Patent Number 330 to Martin Eele and his colleagues who reported to have found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar and oil out of a “sort of stone”. This is the first veri- fied report of oil products derived from oil shale. In the March 1874 issue of Scientific Americun, there was a news item that during the construction of a  railroad in the Green River region, workmen piled together a few pieces of excavated rock as protection from a dinner fire and soon observed the stone itself ignited. This marked the first discovery of oil shale in North America, the tri-state area of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, which has one of the most abundant single deposits of organic-rich shale. By the
1920’s, the develop- ment of oil shale was considerable, especially in the United States. Actually, a journal was published entitled The Shale Review to establish communica- tion between different areas of oil-shale technology. In the interim years,  there were ups and downs for the actual development of oil shale for practi- cal uses. Although a progress was made in several locations of the world in  commercial utilization of oil shales, a full development of this industry wasnot achieved. 

Up to this time, thousands of patents have been issued on the theme of retorting of oil shale. There is, however, very little basic knowledge of oil- shale science and technology available, especially in a complete text and monograph form. Therefore, we undertook the responsibility of inviting a group of internationally known oil-shale experts to furnish background information on different aspects of oil-shale science and technology. The coverage ranges from origin, distribution, mineralogy, and chemistry to the exploration, engineering and environmental considerations of this important energy source, oil shale. The purpose of the present endeavor is to stimulate  further growth of the maturing oil-shale industry. It can be stated that with- out the fundamental knowledge of oil-shale science and technology, the  technological growth will be retarded.

We take this opportunity to thank the contributors for their patience in  developing this book. We also express our thanks to the publishers for their farsight and cooperation.



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Geomorphology of Oil and Gas Fields in Sandstone

 
Accumulation of oil and gas in a sandstone body depends on several  factors including the state of generation and time of migration of  hydrocarbons or their precursors, directional variations in porosity  and permeability, the existence of stratigraphic or structural closure  with a suitable seal, and the geometry of the sandstone body. Many  holes have been drilled on the basis of geophysical inteqretations that  indicated structural closure within a prospective section, only to find  the section lacking in suitable source beds for hydrocarbons, or with  no impermeable seal above the potential sandstone reservoir. The  sandstone itself may be locally tight. Further, the spatial relation-  ships of depositional trends and geometry to permeable zones within the  sandstone body are commonly unknown. To complicate our understanding of  the situation, the depositional trends and geometry of the sandstone body  itself may not be known. With these possibilities in mind, the following  comments are offered on the classification of sandstone bodies. 

A sheet or blanket sandstone body may be designated as a mappable  stratigraphic unit, such as a member or formation, and yet lack continuity  and homogeneity. At one locality it may consist of a single sandstone  unit, and at another it may comprise two or more sandstone beds that have individual depositional trends, shapes, and petrophysical characteristics.  At a particular location oil or gas may be encountered in Sandstone "A",  where it occurs below the up-dip edge, but not in adjacent Sandstone "B"  that pinches out elsewhere. This type of situation is common in alluvial  point bar and channel-fill sands, in anastomosing delta distributary sands,  and in off-lapoing marine shoreline sands. 



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Abnormal Formation Pressures

 

The present book by Dr. Walter Fertl represents the first modern collection and comprehensive review of laboratory studies, combined with extensive field observations, dealing with the vast sv.bject area related to the origin, detection, and quantitative evaluation of abnormal formation pres- sures and their profound technical and managerial decision-making impact on exploration, drilling, production, and reservoir engineering concepts. Location, detection, and magnitude of abnormal formation pressures is critical to the oil industry’s quest to probe new and remote areas and to test the potential of ever-deeper targets in today’s enhanced search for oil and gas resources.

The author, who ranks among the world’s leading experts in this subject field, has synthesized both published and unpublished data, and at the same time has incorporated a wealth of his own personal experiences, which are based on both worldwide field observations and laboratory data.

The manuscript is well organized and documented and provides an excel- lent, in-depth treatment of obvious value to both the newcomer and the expert. As such, the volume should serve as a valuable text and source book for both industrial and academic circles, including geologists, engineers, teachers, and students alike. It also provides a basis for stimulation of thought and it points out numerous opportunities for future research in a  variety of fields. The information presented in this splendid text gives an excellent, clear, and up-to-date discussion of this rapidly developing subject matter, which has been previously unorganized and scattered throughout the literature in earth sciences and/or petroleum engineering journals.



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Wednesday, May 18, 2016

Rock Mechanics-B.H.G.Brady_ E.T.Brown

 



Sometimes it is suggested that mining engineering and its supporting engineering sciences have reached a state of maturity. However, this proposition is inconsistent with major developments in the twenty years that have elapsed since the preparation of the first edition of this book, and the ten years since it has been subject to any substantial revision. Over those periods, innovations and improvements in engineering practice in mining and mining rock mechanics, and advances in the engineering science of rock mechanics, have been extraordinary. For these reasons the third edition, which results from comprehensive and thorough revision of the earlier editions, has involved the replacement or substantial modification of the equivalent of about half of the text and figures of those versions of the book.
One of the key drivers for many significant developments in fundamental rock me- chanics over the period has been the mining industry’s recognition of the economic returns of better understanding and more rigorous application of the governing sciences embedded in its industrial operations and processes. The result has been some notable advances in mining engineering practice, involving improvements in mining methods in particular. For example, caving methods are now more widely applied as understanding of their scientific basis has improved and their economic and operational advantages have been realised. Whereas sublevel caving was once regarded in some places as a method of marginal interest, the advent of very large scale sublevel caving, made possible in part by improved drilling technology and in part by understanding of the governing rock mechanics, it is now an attractive proposition for many orebodies. Similarly, block caving is now conducted efficiently and reliably in orebody settings that would have been inconceivable two decades ago. At the same time, methods such as overhand cut-and-fill stoping and shrink stoping have declined in application, replaced in part by open stoping and bench-and-fill stoping, where large scale mechanisation, improved backfill technology, reliable rock mass reinforcement of stope walls and the intrinsic advantages of non-entry methods of working have led to superior economics and enhanced operational safety.



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Bernd Ulrich Grundlagen der Geologie

 
AHLBURG, H.; BREITKREUZ, C.: Grundlagen der Geologie. - Ferdinand Enke
Verlag, Stuttgart 1998
MURAWSKI, H.; MEYER, W.: Geologisches Wörterbuch. - Spektrum Akademischer
Verlag, 11. Auflage 2004
PRESS, F.; SIEVER, R.: Allgemeine Geologie. - Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 1995
RICHTER, D.: Allgemeine Geologie. - Walter de Gruyter Berlin, 4. Auflage 1992

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Basic Geological Mapping (John W. Barnes)

 


This book is a basic guide to field techniques used in geological mapping. It is meant to be kept in camp with you and even carried in your rucksack in the field. In addition, because no piece of geological mapping can be considered complete until the geology has been interpreted and explained, chapters are provided on drawing cross-sections; on preparing and presenting ‘fair copy’ maps; and on presenting geological diagrams from your fieldwork suitable for inclusion in your report. A report explaining the geology is an essential part of any field project and a brief chapter on the essentials for writing and illustrating it concludes this book. Some emphasis, too, is given to field sketch-mapping because many reports lack those large-scale detailed maps of small areas which can often explain complex aspects of the geology that cannot be shown on the scale of the field map being used, and which are difficult to describe in words. Attention is also given to field notebooks which are, in many cases, deplorable.

It is assumed that readers of this book have already had at least one year of university or equivalent geology, and have already been told what to look for in the field. Geological mapping cannot, however, be taught in lectures and the laboratory: it must be learnt in the field. Unfortunately, only too often, trainee geologists are left largely to their own devices, to sink or swim, and to learn to map for themselves with a minimum of supervision on ‘independent’ mapping projects. It is hoped that this book will help them in that task.


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Atlas of Igneous Rock

 

The  English Languange Book Society is funded by the Overseas Development Administration of the British Government. It makes available low priced, unabridged editions of British publisher textbooks to students in developing countries. Below is a list of some other books on earth sciences published under the ELBS imprint.


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Interior Color by Design

 

The primary goal of interior color by design is to equipment of thr professional designer as well as the homeowner with the tools and understanding to use color effectively in architectural and interior design. It is designed to be used as a reference manual, an actual tool, to experiment with and design color schemes.


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Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities

 

The future for our cities is dependent on the actions of today. In particular, achieving cities that are sustainable is an imperative in our rapidly urbanizing world. In 1950 30% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. By 2003 that proportion had risen to 48%, and it is very likely that the watershed of over half will be reached when this book is published. The predictions are that by 2030, 61% of the population will be urban (United Nations, 2004). Envisioning such a future is no easy matter. One of the conclusions reached by Williams et al. as to how a sustainable urban form can be achieved was the need for the development of ‘new ways of conceiving the future built environment’ (2000, p. 354).

The aim of this book is to present the reader with examples of the latest research into different urban forms and the ways in which they can be designed to be more sustainable. The pursuit of sustainability has been placed on the agenda of governments and non-governmental organizations after the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, and more recently by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) and the1992 Earth Summit in Rio. It has been stated by these, and other,bodies that cities must be economically viable, socially equitableand contribute to environmental protection of all species: adhering to the concept of the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2002). In many countries, policyhas been adopted with long-term urban sustainability as its focus,nd there are many examples of this translated into practice (Edwards, 1999; Beatley, 2000; European Commission, 2001; Sorensen et al., 2004)

This book presents some of the diverse aspects that are inextricably bound up with, and strongly influence, the scope of sustainable urban planning and design. A great deal has been written about the influences that can be said to affect the urban form, such as the technological, social, economic, institutional, geographical and physical (e.g. Norgaard, 1994; Jenks et al., 1996; Jenks and Burgess, 2000; Williams et al., 2000; Wheeler, 2003). These aspects are inter-related and interdependent as they all facilitate and influence sustainable urban planning and design in varying degrees. The chapters that follow add to the debate, examining ideas drawn from research and practice at different scales of the built environment from the urban region to the neighbourhood level in a number of different countries. The different scales at which sustainable ideas are discussed are reflected in the three major sections of the book.



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Environmental Design An introduction for architects and engineers

 

This book was first published ten years ago and I provided a foreword then. In the intervening years, during which environmental design has more and more been seen as sustainable design (for good earth preserving reasons), two things have happened.

Most buildings have more or less reluctantly taken on board ever increasing legal requirements for greater insulation (heat and sound), reduced glazing, improved orientation, the use of less wasteful materials and more natural ventilation; while all these things are not seen as having any implications for the architectural language that is used. This is the eternal no change school of behaviour.

But a minority have struggled to find a new or revised architectural expression to allow for sustainable environmental conditions. Architects, engineers and designers have searched for a new aesthetic for such things as solar shading, load bearing masonry, green wood building, natural (chimney effect) ventilation, wind and photovoltaic power generation, passive solar gain, and so on.

For it is hard to see how such considerations might be incorporated without a change in the way that we think about architecture. It is hard to see how to make that change without thinking about the composition of architecture in a more expressive way than is common today. If we are to make this move towards responsive expressionism we will need all the help we can get from clear thinking, cool headed environmental designers. It is here that this book Environmental Design has a most important part to play. It is clear, logical, well illustrated and good to read; and it has the great quality of all profound work – it is easy to understand. Now let us use it to help us with our architecture.



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Building Services Pocket Book

 

This book is intended as guide tu students and as a manual for mid-career engineer engaged in the pratical design of mechanical servives in buildings. Environmental systems are covered, together with the design of plumbing an drainage installations. In particular, fire protection is dealt with, including smoke ventilation and a design procedure for sprinkler. Limitations on the space available have prevented the inclusion of steam and compressed air systems, which occur occasionally in commercial applications but the more ussually associated with industrial process.



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Dictionary of Architecture and Constraction

 

This book is dedicated to the memory of Adolph K. Placzek, Avery Librarian at Columbia University, whose leadership made Avery Library one of the world’s greatest collections on architecture. I am grateful to him for long and fruitful discussions, for his exemplary scholarship, and for the generosity of spirit with which he shared his experience, his wisdom, and the gift of his friendship.



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Building Design and Construction Handbook

 

The sixth edition of the Building Design and Construction Handbook maintains the original objectives of previous editions which gained widespread acceptance among users. These objectives are to provide in a single volume a compendium of the best of the current knowledge and practices in building design and construction.

This information would be of greatest use to those who have to make decisions affecting the selection of engineering materials and construction methods. Emphasis is placed on fundamental principles and practical applications, with special attention to simplified procedures. Frequent reference is made to other sources where additional authoritative information may be obtained, such as architectural and engineering societies, manufacturers associations, and the Internet. An extensive index is provided to assist the reader in locating topics within the book.

Many new contributors and sections have been added in this edition to provide the reader with the latest developments and knowledge in the building industry. These developments include the expansion of data technology and communication systems within the building system, revisions to wind and seismic loadings, and an expansion of the information on fire sprinkler systems. To present the necessary information in a single volume, obsolete and less-important information in the earlier editions has been deleted.

The editor is very grateful to the contributors, not only for their care, skill, and knowledge used in preparing the sections, but also for their considerable sacrifices of personal time to prepare the sections.


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Tuesday, May 17, 2016

Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geology

 
Multivariate statistical methods have become commonplace in the Earth Sciences, What was once an exclusive area of activity is now within the reach of Everyman, owing to the ubiquitousness of mini-computers and the ready availability of software for doing the computing. In the days when one was required to do one's own programming, it was necessary to acquire considerable proficiency in linear algebra and one or more programming languages. Today, the vast majority of the people who use multivariate methods to analyse geological data have little or no idea of the matrix operations underlying a particular method, nor, for that matter, what he program is actually supposed to be doing. This situation can be both good and bad. It can do no harm if everything goes according to schedule, the program being used is competently constructed, which, alas, is far from being the general case, and there are no strong deviations from standard statistical theory in the data under examination. It is bad if the data do not fit the theoretical requirements of a particular method and even worse if the method of computation used is  inappropriate. It is an inescapable and sad fact of life that much geological and biological material deviates in some manner or other from the theoretical require- ments of a multivariate statistical procedure. The immediate relevance of this obser- vation is that there are many sources of error in doing an analysis of geological data by means of standard statistical software.


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