Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

Petroleum Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

This teaching textbook in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Engineering is based on various lecture courses given by the author while employed in the Training Division of Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. (SIPM), in the Hague, between 1974 and 1977.

The primary aim of the book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering, using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. It is only through having a complete understanding of the physics that the engineer can hope toappreciate and solve complex reservoir engineering problems in a practical manner.

Chapters 1 through 4 serve as an introduction to the subject and contain material presented on Shell's basic training courses. They should therefore be of interest to anyone even remotely connected with the business of developing and producing hydrocarbon reserves.

Chapters 5 through 8 are more specialised describing the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which are probably the most important subjects in the whole of reservoir engineering. The approach is entirely general in recognising that the superposition of dimensionless pressure, or pseudo pressure functions, perm its the analysis of any rate-pressure-time record retrieved from a well test, for any type of reservoir fluid. To appreciate this generality, the reader is advised to make a cursory inspection of section 8.13 (page 295), before embarking on a more thorough reading of these chapters. The author hopes that this will serve as a useful introduction to the recently published and, as usual, excellent SPE Monograph (Advances in Well Test Analysis; by Robert C. Earlougher, Jr.), in which a knowledge is assumed of much of the theory presented in these four chapters.

Chapter 9 describes the art of aquifer modelling, while Chapter 10, the final chapter, covers the subject of immiscible, incompressible displacement. The message here isthat there is but one displacement theory, that of Buckley and Leverett. Everything else is just a matter of "modifying" the relative permeability curves (known in the business as "scientific adjustment"), to account for the manner in which the fluid saturations are distributed in the dip-normal direction. These curves can then be used in conjunction with the one dimensional Buckley-Leverett equation to calculate the oil recovery. By stating the physics implicit in the generation of averaged (pseudo) relative permeabilities and illustrating their role in numerical simulation, it is hoped that this chapter will help to guide the hand of the scientific adjuster.

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Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation

Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation

Petroleum Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

Over the past decade, the use of numerical reservoir simulation with high- speed electronic computers has gained wide acceptance throughout the  petroleum industry for making engineering studies of a wide variety of oil and gas reservoirs throughout the world. These reservoir simulators have  been designed for use by reservoir engineers who may possess little or no background in the numerical mathematics upon which they are based. Yet in  spite of our best efforts to improve numerical methods so as to make reservoir simulators as reliable, efficient, and automatic as possible, the user of a simulator is constantly faced with a myriad of decisions that have nothing to  do with the problem he really wants to solve. He must decide on various numerical questions not directly germane to the problem at hand. For example, he may have a choice among several simulators that use different numerical methods. He may have to pick an iteration method. He definitely will have to choose the grid spacing as part of the reservoir description, and probably will also have to select the time step size. And perhaps the biggestbugaboo of all is the choice of iteration parameters. 

It is this engineer-user that I have had in mind while writing this book, one who wants to learn how to deal more effectively with the numerical  decisions mentioned above. I hope he also has some curiosity about the inner workings of the “black box” that is a reservoir simulator, and I have tried to satisfy that curiosity, as well
as to prepare him to read the literature, should he wish to study recent developments and future research in greater depth than I have been able to provide here.

The first chapter combines a review of some basic reservoir mechanics  with the derivation of the differential equations that reservoir simulators are designed to solve. The next four chapters provide basic theory on the numerical solution of simple partial differential equations. The final chapter  brings together this basic theory as it applies to the numerical solution ofmultidimensional, multiphase flow problems

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Oil Shale

Oil Shale

Petroleum Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

In 1694 the British Crown issued Patent Number 330 to Martin Eele and his colleagues who reported to have found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar and oil out of a “sort of stone”. This is the first veri- fied report of oil products derived from oil shale. In the March 1874 issue of Scientific Americun, there was a news item that during the construction of a  railroad in the Green River region, workmen piled together a few pieces of excavated rock as protection from a dinner fire and soon observed the stone itself ignited. This marked the first discovery of oil shale in North America, the tri-state area of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, which has one of the most abundant single deposits of organic-rich shale. By the
1920’s, the develop- ment of oil shale was considerable, especially in the United States. Actually, a journal was published entitled The Shale Review to establish communica- tion between different areas of oil-shale technology. In the interim years,  there were ups and downs for the actual development of oil shale for practi- cal uses. Although a progress was made in several locations of the world in  commercial utilization of oil shales, a full development of this industry wasnot achieved. 

Up to this time, thousands of patents have been issued on the theme of retorting of oil shale. There is, however, very little basic knowledge of oil- shale science and technology available, especially in a complete text and monograph form. Therefore, we undertook the responsibility of inviting a group of internationally known oil-shale experts to furnish background information on different aspects of oil-shale science and technology. The coverage ranges from origin, distribution, mineralogy, and chemistry to the exploration, engineering and environmental considerations of this important energy source, oil shale. The purpose of the present endeavor is to stimulate  further growth of the maturing oil-shale industry. It can be stated that with- out the fundamental knowledge of oil-shale science and technology, the  technological growth will be retarded.

We take this opportunity to thank the contributors for their patience in  developing this book. We also express our thanks to the publishers for their farsight and cooperation.

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Geomorphology of Oil and Gas Fields in Sandstone

Geomorphology of Oil and Gas Fields in Sandstone

Petroleum Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

Accumulation of oil and gas in a sandstone body depends on several  factors including the state of generation and time of migration of  hydrocarbons or their precursors, directional variations in porosity  and permeability, the existence of stratigraphic or structural closure  with a suitable seal, and the geometry of the sandstone body. Many  holes have been drilled on the basis of geophysical inteqretations that  indicated structural closure within a prospective section, only to find  the section lacking in suitable source beds for hydrocarbons, or with  no impermeable seal above the potential sandstone reservoir. The  sandstone itself may be locally tight. Further, the spatial relation-  ships of depositional trends and geometry to permeable zones within the  sandstone body are commonly unknown. To complicate our understanding of  the situation, the depositional trends and geometry of the sandstone body  itself may not be known. With these possibilities in mind, the following  comments are offered on the classification of sandstone bodies. 

A sheet or blanket sandstone body may be designated as a mappable  stratigraphic unit, such as a member or formation, and yet lack continuity  and homogeneity. At one locality it may consist of a single sandstone  unit, and at another it may comprise two or more sandstone beds that have individual depositional trends, shapes, and petrophysical characteristics.  At a particular location oil or gas may be encountered in Sandstone "A",  where it occurs below the up-dip edge, but not in adjacent Sandstone "B"  that pinches out elsewhere. This type of situation is common in alluvial  point bar and channel-fill sands, in anastomosing delta distributary sands,  and in off-lapoing marine shoreline sands. 

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Abnormal Formation Pressures

Abnormal Formation Pressures

Petroleum Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

The present book by Dr. Walter Fertl represents the first modern collection and comprehensive review of laboratory studies, combined with extensive field observations, dealing with the vast sv.bject area related to the origin, detection, and quantitative evaluation of abnormal formation pres- sures and their profound technical and managerial decision-making impact on exploration, drilling, production, and reservoir engineering concepts. Location, detection, and magnitude of abnormal formation pressures is critical to the oil industry’s quest to probe new and remote areas and to test the potential of ever-deeper targets in today’s enhanced search for oil and gas resources.

The author, who ranks among the world’s leading experts in this subject field, has synthesized both published and unpublished data, and at the same time has incorporated a wealth of his own personal experiences, which are based on both worldwide field observations and laboratory data.

The manuscript is well organized and documented and provides an excel- lent, in-depth treatment of obvious value to both the newcomer and the expert. As such, the volume should serve as a valuable text and source book for both industrial and academic circles, including geologists, engineers, teachers, and students alike. It also provides a basis for stimulation of thought and it points out numerous opportunities for future research in a  variety of fields. The information presented in this splendid text gives an excellent, clear, and up-to-date discussion of this rapidly developing subject matter, which has been previously unorganized and scattered throughout the literature in earth sciences and/or petroleum engineering journals.

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Rock Mechanics-B.H.G.Brady_ E.T.Brown

Rock Mechanics-B.H.G.Brady_ E.T.Brown

Mining Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

Sometimes it is suggested that mining engineering and its supporting engineering sciences have reached a state of maturity. However, this proposition is inconsistent with major developments in the twenty years that have elapsed since the preparation of the first edition of this book, and the ten years since it has been subject to any substantial revision. Over those periods, innovations and improvements in engineering practice in mining and mining rock mechanics, and advances in the engineering science of rock mechanics, have been extraordinary. For these reasons the third edition, which results from comprehensive and thorough revision of the earlier editions, has involved the replacement or substantial modification of the equivalent of about half of the text and figures of those versions of the book.

One of the key drivers for many significant developments in fundamental rock me- chanics over the period has been the mining industry’s recognition of the economic returns of better understanding and more rigorous application of the governing sciences embedded in its industrial operations and processes. The result has been some notable advances in mining engineering practice, involving improvements in mining methods in particular. For example, caving methods are now more widely applied as understanding of their scientific basis has improved and their economic and operational advantages have been realised. Whereas sublevel caving was once regarded in some places as a method of marginal interest, the advent of very large scale sublevel caving, made possible in part by improved drilling technology and in part by understanding of the governing rock mechanics, it is now an attractive proposition for many orebodies. Similarly, block caving is now conducted efficiently and reliably in orebody settings that would have been inconceivable two decades ago. At the same time, methods such as overhand cut-and-fill stoping and shrink stoping have declined in application, replaced in part by open stoping and bench-and-fill stoping, where large scale mechanisation, improved backfill technology, reliable rock mass reinforcement of stope walls and the intrinsic advantages of non-entry methods of working have led to superior economics and enhanced operational safety.

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Bernd Ulrich Grundlagen der Geologie

Bernd Ulrich Grundlagen der Geologie

Geological Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

AHLBURG, H.; BREITKREUZ, C.: Grundlagen der Geologie. - Ferdinand Enke
Verlag, Stuttgart 1998
MURAWSKI, H.; MEYER, W.: Geologisches Wörterbuch. - Spektrum Akademischer
Verlag, 11. Auflage 2004
PRESS, F.; SIEVER, R.: Allgemeine Geologie. - Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 1995
RICHTER, D.: Allgemeine Geologie. - Walter de Gruyter Berlin, 4. Auflage 1992

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Basic Geological Mapping (John W. Barnes)

Basic Geological Mapping (John W. Barnes)

Geological Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

This book is a basic guide to field techniques used in geological mapping. It is meant to be kept in camp with you and even carried in your rucksack in the field. In addition, because no piece of geological mapping can be considered complete until the geology has been interpreted and explained, chapters are provided on drawing cross-sections; on preparing and presenting ‘fair copy’ maps; and on presenting geological diagrams from your fieldwork suitable for inclusion in your report. A report explaining the geology is an essential part of any field project and a brief chapter on the essentials for writing and illustrating it concludes this book. Some emphasis, too, is given to field sketch-mapping because many reports lack those large-scale detailed maps of small areas which can often explain complex aspects of the geology that cannot be shown on the scale of the field map being used, and which are difficult to describe in words. Attention is also given to field notebooks which are, in many cases, deplorable.

It is assumed that readers of this book have already had at least one year of university or equivalent geology, and have already been told what to look for in the field. Geological mapping cannot, however, be taught in lectures and the laboratory: it must be learnt in the field. Unfortunately, only too often, trainee geologists are left largely to their own devices, to sink or swim, and to learn to map for themselves with a minimum of supervision on ‘independent’ mapping projects. It is hoped that this book will help them in that task.


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Atlas of Igneous Rock

Atlas of Igneous Rock

Geological Engineering EngineeringEbookCentre  

The  English Languange Book Society is funded by the Overseas Development Administration of the British Government. It makes available low priced, unabridged editions of British publisher textbooks to students in developing countries. Below is a list of some other books on earth sciences published under the ELBS imprint.

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Interior Color by Design

Interior Color by Design

Interior Design EngineeringEbookCentre  

The primary goal of interior color by design is to equipment of thr professional designer as well as the homeowner with the tools and understanding to use color effectively in architectural and interior design. It is designed to be used as a reference manual, an actual tool, to experiment with and design color schemes.

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